Hygiene in the family budget

Hygiene in the family budget

1. Sources and spread of pathogens in the household
The hygiene in the household is only in the last two decades the attention has been granted. However, in the domestic sphere infections are transmitted. The reason for this is that, increasingly, at home outpatient patient care and the proportion of old people who are at risk of infection, because of demographic changes significantly increasing. Moreover, household and family are the central elements of a society as a dynamic interaction between the household, its members, and municipal facilities such as schools, workplaces and community facilities for meals there. Against this background it has been recognized that the hygiene in the budget increased priority to be granted.

The aim of hygiene in the household is not the elimination of all microorganisms, but the reduction to a size where they no longer infect or inactivation of pathogens. In the household are risk areas of non-risk areas to be distinguished. Former should receive special attention. The contact should be harmless micro-organisms due to the stimulation of a healthy immune system can not be suppressed (Rook and Stanford 1998).
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Among possible sources of infection in the household include animate and inanimate sources (reservoirs). Among the lively sources include family members, but also pets, inanimate sources to the contact surfaces, food, moisture reservoirs and household utensils.

The infection transmission in the household may be different ways:

* The direct contact between humans and animals on the hands is a common infection.
* The bacteria's own body can smear infection when they enter the body primarily uninhabited areas come to infection, where personal hygiene plays in preventing a major role.
* Food can be contaminated by gastro-intestinal infections are transmitted.
* There is the possibility of indirect transmission on land, many pathogens can be found on surfaces over a sufficiently long period to survive, under certain circumstances a risk of infection present (Bloomfield and Scott 1997). In particular, the contact surfaces of hands and cleaning utensils, and food plays a major role.
* An infection transmission over the air through the skin flakes or droplets during sneezing, coughing or speaking is also possible.
* Insects and pets can play a role in transmission of the infection in the household to play.

The risk of transmission of pathogens depends on several factors:

* Infective dose (number of transmitted pathogens),
* Pathogenic potential of the pathogen (virulence)
* Susceptibility of the host, newborns / infants, the elderly, pregnant women and persons with weakened immune defenses are at increased risk of infection,
* Residential density in the budget.

The reduction in the number of potential pathogens by the following measures can be achieved:

* Dry Cleaning: Washing hands and the cleaning of cooking and Essutensilien and surfaces.
* Heat: for washing, cleaning utensils, food.
* Chemical disinfectants.

Sperm insemination facilitates the way to the ovum

Sperm insemination facilitates the way to the ovum
Is the fertility of the man only slightly restricted, a sperm sample directly into the uterus will be brought ( "Intrauterine insemination, IUI). This is the semen before artificial insemination processed, so that healthy, mobile sperm are enriched, which then passes through the insemination of the arduous path to oocyte shortened. It is often useful in women at the same time, the maturation of the oocytes to stimulate. This allows multiple (up to about three) eggs ripen, so the chance of fertilization continues to rise.

Male infertility and artificial insemination

Male infertility and artificial insemination

In contrast to the rapid progress in the treatment options infertile women in recent decades has been made, remained comparable success in the men largely. Indeed, despite all efforts to develop drugs, so at a reduced fertility men to fix, there is in this respect so far no promising approaches. This may be one of the male reproductive disorders in the strict sense does not resolve. Other techniques are now available with which procreation is unable to compensate.

Often in the testes only in insufficient quantity of normal, well-formed sperm moving. In most cases, the reason is unknown. Occasionally mumps can be in childhood, varicose veins in the testicle (varicocele), endocrine disorders, stress, or a peak testis as a cause of abnormal sperm were identified.

What is a "normal" or "real body"?

What is a "normal" or "real body"?
The diet ensures normal development of children and adolescents. The "normal" weight for the size may be determined from the BMIs (Body Mass Index) can be calculated. This is calculated based on the body weight (in kilograms) divided by the size in meters squared. An example: A 6-year-old child with a weight of 22kg and a size of 1.20 m has a BMI of 15.2kg/m2 (22kg: 1.20mx 1.20m = 22kg: 1.44m2). The individual value is compared to reference data from Germany (Note 4).

The BMI of a child or youth should be between the 10th and the 90th Percentile for the corresponding age and sex group. Below the 10th Percentile is underweight, while children above the 90th Percentile are overweight. If the value even above the 95th Percentile, the child is "fat" or "obese." "Normal" or "real body" is not a precise value, but represents a wide range, which takes into account inter-individual differences.

Energy needs of infants

Energy needs of infants, children and adolescents
The values are average quantities. Since the energy of children and adolescents varies, deviations are possible. The guide for the average energy needs of infants, children and adolescents are presented in Table 4.

Guideline for the average energy (in kcal / day) for normal infants, children and adolescents with moderate physical activity (At low or high activity, or even with over-and under-weight are in consultation with children and youth doctor customization indicative of the need

Evaluation of food selection

Evaluation of food selection: There are no "healthy" or "unhealthy food"
For the assessment of food is basically that it was not "healthy" nor "unhealthy food" there. All food (polluted and spoiled food, etc. Of course the exception) can, in principle, to a 'healthy diet' help.

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For the assessment of the health-related food quality are variety, balance and moderation in food selection evaluated. This may in individual foods contribute to high levels of intake to a unilateral nutrition lead. The comparison of the nutrient composition of individual, including children and young people like to eat food shows on the example of beverages and fast food that a unilateral and excessive consumption of these products the medium and long term the quality of nutrition can affect (eg, contain sweet lemonades no vitamins and trace elements, ie they have a low nutrient density, while a hamburger, for example, a high energy and fat content has). This risk can be prorated by regular physical activity and high and the selection of other foods (eg, lots of fruits and vegetables) to be compensated.

Recommendations for a "healthy diet"

Recommendations for a "healthy diet"
Today's valid recommendations for the nutrition of infants, children and adolescents are scientifically justified and practically easy to implement.

General recommendations for nutrition during childhood and adolescence are:

* In the first 4-6 months of exclusive breastfeeding,
* In the 6-24. Successive months introducing other foods (baby foods from the 5-7 month and 10th month from the bread and dairy meals) and
* From the 2nd Year of life "Optimized mixed" (short "OptiMix").